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Subscribe NowThe Complete Guide to the Java Servlet Life Cycle
A Java Servlet is a server-side component responsible for receiving client requests and returning dynamic web pages. Managing these components efficiently is handled entirely by the Servlet Container (such as Apache Tomcat or Jetty). The container controls the entire journey of a Servlet from the moment it is loaded into memory until it is completely unloaded.
Step 1: Loading and Instantiation
Before any request is handled, the Servlet container loads the compiled .class file into memory and creates a single instance of the Servlet using its default no-argument constructor.
Step 2: Initialization with init()
Right after instantiation, the container calls the init(ServletConfig config) method. This method runs only once during the lifecycle of the Servlet. It is designed to perform one-time startup tasks like reading configuration parameters or setting up database pools.
Step 3: Handling Requests with service()
Every time a client makes a request (such as GET or POST), the web container spawns a separate worker thread and invokes the service(ServletRequest, ServletResponse) method. It determines the HTTP request type and routes it to appropriate methods such as doGet() or doPost().
Step 4: Clean-up and Destruction with destroy()
When the application is stopped, undeployed, or the web server is shutting down, the container invokes the destroy() method. This executes only once, giving the Servlet an opportunity to close open connections, stop background threads, and free up system resources.
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